calculus

calculus
calcŭlus, i, m. dim. [2. calx; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46].
I.
In gen., a small stone, a pebble:

conjectis in os calculis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261:

Demosthenes calculos linguā volvens dicere domi solebat,

Quint. 11, 3, 54; Vitr. 7, 2:

argilla et dumosis calculus arvis,

gravel in the thorny fields, Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 180; Plin. 4, 8, 15, § 37; 28, 9, 33, § 124.—
B.
Trop., of discourse:

qui tenui venulā per calculos fluunt,

Quint. 12, 10, 25.—
II.
Esp.
A.
A stone in the bladder or kidneys, the gravel, stone, Cels. 7, 26:

curare,

Plin. 20, 21, 86, § 234:

comminuere et eicere,

id. 20, 4, 13, § 23; cf.

eicere,

Suet. Aug. 80:

movere,

Plin. 20, 22, 91, § 248:

exturbare,

id. 20, 10, 42, § 109:

frangere,

id. 22, 21, 29, § 59:

rumpere,

id. 23, 8, 80, § 153. —
B.
A draughtsman, a stone or counter used in playing draughts. called duodecim scripta, in which, as in chess, by driving a piece from one square to another, the person beaten could not finally move at all (ad incitas redactus est):

in lusu duodecim scriptorum cum prior calculum promovisset, etc.,

Quint. 11, 2, 38; cf. Ov. A. A. 2, 207; 3, 357; id. Tr. 2, 478; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 5; Mart. 14, 20; Isid. Orig. 18, 67:

calculorum ludus,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 5, 165.—
2.
Trop.: calculum reducere, to take back a move: tibi concedo, quod in XII. scriptis solemus, ut calculum reducas, si te alicujus dati paenitet, Cic. ap. Non. p. 170, 28 (Hortens. Fragm. 51 B. and K.): quā re nunc saltem ad illos calculos revertamur, quos tum abjecimus, i. e. those principles of action, id. Att. 8, 12, 5.—
C.
A stone used in reckoning on the counting-board; hence meton., a reckoning, computing, calculating:

calculi et rationes,

Quint. 11, 3, 59; 7, 4, 35; 8, 3, 14;

12, 11, 18 Spald.: calculos subducere,

to compute, reckon, cast up, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 60:

ponere,

Col. 3, 3, 7:

ponere cum aliquo,

Plin. Pan. 20, 5:

de posteris cogitanti in condicionibus deligendus ponendus est calculus,

id. ib. 1, 14, 9:

amicitiam ad calculos vocare,

to subject to an accurate reckoning, hold to a strict account, Cic. Lael. 16, 58:

si ad calculos eum respublica vocet,

settles accounts, reckons, Liv. 5, 4, 7:

revocare aliquid ad calculos,

Val. Max. 4, 7, 1:

ratio calculorum,

Col. 1, 3, 8.—
2.
Trop.:

cum aliquā re parem calculum ponere,

i.e. to render equal for equal, Plin. Ep. 5, 2, 1:

quos ego movi calculos,

considerations which I have suggested, id. ib. 2, 19, 9.—
D.
In the most ancient per., a stone used in voting; a vote, sentence, decision, suffrage; a white one for assent or acquittal, a black for denial or condemnation; cf. Ov. M. 15, 41 sq.; App. M. 10, p. 242.— Hence judicialis, Imp. Just. Cod. 3, 1, 12: deteriorem reportare, i. e. an adverse decision, Impp. Diocl. et Max. Cod. 7, 62, 10:

calculis omnibus,

by a unanimous vote, App. M. 7, p. 191, 21.— Trop.:

si modo tu fortasse errori nostro album calculum adjeceris,

i. e. approve, Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5.—
E.
The Thracians were accustomed to preserve the recollection of fortunate occurrences by white stones, and of unfortunate by black, Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 131.—Hence,
2.
Trop.:

o diem laetum, notandumque mihi candidissimo calculo!

i. e. a most happy day! Plin. Ep. 6, 11, 3; cf. Mart. 12, 34, 9, § 53; Pers. 2, 1 sq.—
F.
In late Lat., a small weight: calculus constat ex granis ciceris duobus, Auct. Ponder ap. Goes. Agr. p. 322 (in Isid. Orig. 16, 25, 8, called calcus).

Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary, 1879. - Revised, Enlarged, and in Great Part Rewritten. . 2011.

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  • Calculus — Cal cu*lus, n.; pl. {Calculi}. [L, calculus. See {Calculate}, and {Calcule}.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • calculus — 1660s, from L. calculus reckoning, account, originally pebble used as a reckoning counter, dim. of calx (gen. calcis) limestone (see CHALK (Cf. chalk)). Modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus. Also used from 1732 to… …   Etymology dictionary

  • calculus — [kal′kyo͞o ləs, kal′kyələs] n. pl. calculi [kal′kyəlī΄] or calculuses [L: see CALCULATE] 1. any abnormal stony mass or deposit formed in the body, as in a kidney or gallbladder or on teeth: see TARTAR (sense 2) 2. Math. a) any system of… …   English World dictionary

  • Calcŭlus — (lat.), 1) Stein; 2) Stein im Bretspiel; 3) das kleinste Gewicht, ungefähr = 1/2 Ceratium; 4) Berechnung, s. Calcul; 5) die Stimme im Votiren; daher C. Minervae (eigentlich Ἀϑηνᾶς ψῆφος) der weiße Stein bei Stimmengleichheit im Areopag zu Athen,… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Calcŭlus — (lat.), Stein, z. B. zum Spiel, zu Abstimmungen (s. Kalkul), zum Rechnen etc.; daher Error in calculo, Rechnungsfehler. C Minervae, Stein der Minerva, d. h. die bei Stimmengleichheit zu jemandes gunsten den Ausschlag gebende Stimme, von dem… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Calculus — Calcŭlus (lat.), Stein, Rechenstein, Rechnung; error in calculo, Rechenfehler …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

  • Calculus — Calculus, Stein, in der patholog. Anatomie Name verschiedener Concretionen, als Harn , Gallen , Gicht und Venenstein …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • calculus — ► NOUN (pl. calculi or calculuses) 1) the branch of mathematics concerned with finding derivatives and integrals of functions by methods based on the summation of infinitesimal differences. 2) Medicine a stone formed by deposition of minerals in… …   English terms dictionary

  • Calculus — This article is about the branch of mathematics. For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation). Topics in Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Differential calculus  Derivative Change of variables …   Wikipedia

  • calculus — /kal kyeuh leuhs/, n., pl. calculi / luy /, calculuses. 1. Math. a method of calculation, esp. one of several highly systematic methods of treating problems by a special system of algebraic notations, as differential or integral calculus. 2.… …   Universalium

  • Calculus — A stone, as in the urinary tract. Also, the calcium salt deposits on the teeth. The word calculus in Latin means a pebble. Pebbles were once used for counting, from which came the mathematical field of calculus. A urinary calculus is a pebble in… …   Medical dictionary

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